Top 12 (Most Impotant Questions With Solutions) BCS-051 : INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE
Top 12 (Most Impotant Questions With Solutions) BCS-051 : INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (100% ✅ Guaranteed Questions For Exam)
1. Develop SRS for Online Assignment Submission System (OASS) for students of various courses of university. SRS should be in IEEE format. Make necessary assumptions.
Ans :- 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to specify the software requirements for the Online Assignment Submission System (OASS). The system allows students to submit assignments, professors to evaluate them, and administrators to manage the platform. 1.2 Scope The OASS is a web-based system designed to: Simplify assignment submission for students across various university courses. Provide a platform for professors to create assignments, evaluate submissions, and provide feedback. Enable administrators to manage users and system settings. The system will improve efficiency, reduce paperwork, and provide timely notifications and secure data storage. 1.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations SRS: Software Requirements Specification OASS: Online Assignment Submission System Administrator: A user with control over system management. Assignment: Digital submission by students for evaluation. 1.4 Assumptions and Dependencies All users will have access to a stable internet connection. Users will use supported browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox). Data will be stored securely on university-hosted servers. 2. Overall Description 2.1 Product Perspective The OASS is an independent system integrated with the university’s portal, enabling students, professors, and administrators to access assignment functionalities in a streamlined manner. 2.2 Product Features Student Features: Submit assignments online. View deadlines, grades, and feedback. Professor Features: Create and manage assignments. Evaluate submissions and provide feedback. Administrator Features: Manage user accounts and permissions. Oversee course and system operations. 2.3 User Classes and Characteristics Students: Basic computer knowledge; access via credentials. Professors: Familiarity with course management tools. Administrators: Expertise in user and system management. 2.4 Constraints The system should handle up to 1000 simultaneous users. Assignment file size is limited to 5 MB. The system must comply with university data security policies. 2.5 Assumptions and Dependencies Professors will upload assignments within specified timelines. The system will rely on university-provided hosting services. 3. Specific Requirements 3.1 Functional Requirements Student Functionalities: Login with university credentials. Upload assignments before the deadline. View grades and feedback. Professor Functionalities: Create assignments with descriptions, deadlines, and instructions. View and grade submissions. Provide feedback and publish grades. Administrator Functionalities: Add/remove users (students/professors). Manage courses and assignments. Monitor system performance. 3.2 Non-Functional Requirements Performance Requirements: The system must process uploads in under 10 seconds. The interface must be responsive and mobile-friendly. Security Requirements: Enforce secure login using encrypted passwords. Store all submissions in a protected database. Usability Requirements: Provide a clean and intuitive user interface. Offer tutorials for first-time users. 4. System Models (High-Level Diagram) A simplified diagram shows interactions between Students, Professors, Administrators, and the system functionalities (Assignment Upload, Grade Management, User Management, etc.).
2. Draw the zero and first level DFDs for OAS. Make necessary assumptions.
Ans :- Understanding Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) for the Online Assignment Submission System (OASS) A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) helps visualize how data moves through the system. Here's an explanation of the Zero-Level DFD (also called a context diagram) and the First-Level DFD, with easy explanations: 1. Zero-Level DFD (Context Diagram) Purpose: It shows the system as a single process, interacting with external entities like Students, Professors, and Administrators. Key Components: External Entities: These are users or systems interacting with OASS, like Students, Professors, and Administrators. Process: The OASS system itself, which handles assignment submissions, grading, and management. Data Flows: Arrows showing how information moves between users and the system. Diagram Explanation: Students: Upload assignments to the system and receive grades/feedback. Professors: Create assignments and retrieve submissions for grading. Administrators: Manage users, courses, and monitor the system. 2. First-Level DFD Purpose: It breaks down the OASS system into sub-processes (like submission, grading, and user management) and shows how data moves within these processes. Assumptions: Students upload assignments before deadlines. Professors evaluate and provide feedback. Administrators handle all user and course data. Sub-Processes in OASS: Manage Assignments: Students submit assignments. Professors create and manage assignments. Grade Assignments: Professors evaluate assignments and provide feedback. Students view grades and feedback. Manage Users: Administrators add/remove users and manage roles. Manage Courses: Administrators update course details and assignments. Simplified Visual Description for First-Level DFD: Inputs: Students provide assignments. Professors provide grades. Administrators provide user/course data. Processes: Assignment submission, evaluation, and feedback. User and course management. Outputs: Feedback to students. Reports for professors and administrators.
3. Draw GANTT chart for the development of OASS.
Ans :- Understanding a Gantt Chart for Developing an Online Assignment Submission System (OASS) A Gantt chart is a visual tool that helps in planning and scheduling the steps involved in developing a project. It shows tasks, their start and end dates, and how they overlap. Key Components: Tasks/Activities: Steps involved in the development process, like gathering requirements, designing, coding, testing, and deployment. Timeline: Shows when each task starts and ends (e.g., weeks or months). Dependencies:
4. Explain various Debugging strategies. OASS.
Ans :- Debugging Strategies: How to Find and Fix Errors in Your Code Debugging is the process of identifying and resolving bugs (errors) in a program. Effective debugging requires a structured approach and different strategies depending on the complexity of the problem. 1. Brute Force Method What it is: You review the code manually or use tools to dump all data at various points and analyze the output. When to use: For simple programs or when you’re unsure where to start. Example: Printing variable values at key steps in the program to check for anomalies. 2. Backtracking What it is: Start from where the error occurred and trace backward step by step to find the root cause. When to use: When you have a clear point of failure (e.g., a function or statement that’s not working as expected). Example: If an incorrect value is displayed on the screen, trace back to where that value was assigned. 3. Cause Elimination What it is: Hypothesize possible causes of the bug and test each one systematically to eliminate incorrect ones. When to use: When you have an idea of where the problem might be but are unsure of the exact cause. Example: Temporarily commenting out or modifying code sections to isolate the faulty logic. 4. Divide and Conquer What it is: Divide the program into smaller parts and test each part independently to narrow down the issue. When to use: For large and complex programs. Example: Debugging one function at a time in a module-based program. 5. Print Debugging (or Trace Debugging) What it is: Insert print statements in your code to display variable values and program flow at runtime. When to use: For small, straightforward programs or quick fixes. Example: print("Value of x:", x) to check the state of a variable. 6. Using a Debugger Tool What it is: Utilize debugging tools like those built into IDEs (e.g., Visual Studio, Eclipse) to set breakpoints, watch variables, and step through code. When to use: For systematic debugging of large programs. Example: Setting a breakpoint to pause execution and inspect variable states in real-time. 7. Unit Testing What it is: Write test cases for individual components or functions to ensure they behave as expected. When to use: During development and for regression testing. Example: A test case to check if a sorting function returns the expected order for a given input. 8. Rubber Duck Debugging What it is: Explain the problem and code logic step by step to someone else (or even an inanimate object like a rubber duck). When to use: When you’re stuck and need to gain clarity by articulating the issue. Example: While explaining, you might realize that a variable is being overwritten unexpectedly. 9. Logging What it is: Use logging libraries to record program states and events at various points. When to use: For large or distributed systems where print debugging is insufficient. Example: Logging errors to a file for later analysis: logger.error("Error at step X"). 10. Binary Search for Bugs What it is: Split the code or data in half and test to narrow down where the problem lies. When to use: When the bug location is unclear and could be in multiple places. Example: Test the first half of a function's logic, then the second half, and repeat until the issue is isolated. 11. Peer Review What it is: Have another developer review your code for errors. When to use: For difficult bugs or complex codebases. Example: A colleague might notice a typo or logic flaw you overlooked. 12. Error Logs and Documentation What it is: Refer to system error logs, application logs, or library documentation to understand error messages. When to use: When you encounter unfamiliar errors or issues in third-party libraries. Example: Checking log files to find a "Null Pointer Exception."
5. Draw ERD for OASS. Make necessary assumptions.
Ans :- Debugging Strategies: How to Find and Fix Errors in Your Code Debugging is the process of identifying and resolving bugs (errors) in a program. Effective debugging requires a structured approach and different strategies depending on the complexity of the problem. 1. Brute Force Method What it is: You review the code manually or use tools to dump all data at various points and analyze the output. When to use: For simple programs or when you’re unsure where to start. Example: Printing variable values at key steps in the program to check for anomalies. 2. Backtracking What it is: Start from where the error occurred and trace backward step by step to find the root cause. When to use: When you have a clear point of failure (e.g., a function or statement that’s not working as expected). Example: If an incorrect value is displayed on the screen, trace back to where that value was assigned. 3. Cause Elimination What it is: Hypothesize possible causes of the bug and test each one systematically to eliminate incorrect ones. When to use: When you have an idea of where the problem might be but are unsure of the exact cause. Example: Temporarily commenting out or modifying code sections to isolate the faulty logic. 4. Divide and Conquer What it is: Divide the program into smaller parts and test each part independently to narrow down the issue. When to use: For large and complex programs. Example: Debugging one function at a time in a module-based program. 5. Print Debugging (or Trace Debugging) What it is: Insert print statements in your code to display variable values and program flow at runtime. When to use: For small, straightforward programs or quick fixes. Example: print("Value of x:", x) to check the state of a variable. 6. Using a Debugger Tool What it is: Utilize debugging tools like those built into IDEs (e.g., Visual Studio, Eclipse) to set breakpoints, watch variables, and step through code. When to use: For systematic debugging of large programs. Example: Setting a breakpoint to pause execution and inspect variable states in real-time. 7. Unit Testing What it is: Write test cases for individual components or functions to ensure they behave as expected. When to use: During development and for regression testing. Example: A test case to check if a sorting function returns the expected order for a given input. 8. Rubber Duck Debugging What it is: Explain the problem and code logic step by step to someone else (or even an inanimate object like a rubber duck). When to use: When you’re stuck and need to gain clarity by articulating the issue. Example: While explaining, you might realize that a variable is being overwritten unexpectedly. 9. Logging What it is: Use logging libraries to record program states and events at various points. When to use: For large or distributed systems where print debugging is insufficient. Example: Logging errors to a file for later analysis: logger.error("Error at step X"). 10. Binary Search for Bugs What it is: Split the code or data in half and test to narrow down where the problem lies. When to use: When the bug location is unclear and could be in multiple places. Example: Test the first half of a function's logic, then the second half, and repeat until the issue is isolated. 11. Peer Review What it is: Have another developer review your code for errors. When to use: For difficult bugs or complex codebases. Example: A colleague might notice a typo or logic flaw you overlooked. 12. Error Logs and Documentation What it is: Refer to system error logs, application logs, or library documentation to understand error messages. When to use: When you encounter unfamiliar errors or issues in third-party libraries. Example: Checking log files to find a "Null Pointer Exception."
6. Define Data Dictionary
Ans :- What is a Data Dictionary? (Easy Explanation) A Data Dictionary is like a detailed notebook for your database or system. It lists and explains all the important details about the data in a clear and organized way. Key Points: What it Contains: Names of data: What each piece of data is called (e.g., "Student Name"). Types of data: What kind of data it is (e.g., Text, Number, Date). Size: How much space the data takes (e.g., Name: 50 characters). Description: What the data means (e.g., "Student Name" is the name of a student). Rules: Any conditions or rules (e.g., "Age must be greater than 18"). Why It’s Important:
7. What is Waterfall Model ? Explain the advantages of using Waterfall model for software system development.
Ans :- What is the Waterfall Model? (Easy Explanation) The Waterfall Model is a simple and step-by-step way of developing software. Think of it like a staircase, where you finish one step completely before moving to the next. Each step is clear, and you can’t go back to the previous step once it’s done. Steps in the Waterfall Model: Requirement Gathering: Understand what the software should do. Example: “Students should be able to upload assignments.” System Design: Plan how the software will look and work. Example: Create diagrams and blueprints. Implementation (Coding): Write the actual code based on the design. Testing: Check the software to make sure it works without errors. Deployment: Deliver the software to the users. Maintenance: Fix problems and update the software when needed. Advantages of the Waterfall Model: Simple and Easy to Use: It’s easy to understand and follow because of its clear steps. Well-Organized: You finish one phase completely before moving to the next, so there’s no confusion. Good for Small Projects: Works well when the project is simple and requirements are clear. Documentation: Each phase is documented properly, making it easier to understand and track. Early Understanding: Requirements are fixed early, so there’s no major change during development. Example of the Waterfall Model: If you are building an Online Assignment Submission System: First, write down all the features (Requirement Gathering). Create diagrams to show how the system works (System Design). Write the code for the system (Implementation). Test to make sure everything works (Testing). Launch the system for students and professors (Deployment). Fix bugs or add new features later (Maintenance).
8. Explain the terms ‘Module Testing’ and ‘Integration Testing’
Ans :- What is Module Testing? (Easy Explanation) Module Testing means testing a small part (or module) of a program by itself. It checks if that specific part works properly without worrying about the whole program. Key Points About Module Testing: What is a Module? A module is a small piece of code that performs a specific job. Example: A login feature where the code checks if the username and password are correct. Goal of Module Testing: Make sure the module does what it’s supposed to do. Example: The login module should allow correct users to log in and block incorrect ones. Who Performs It? Usually done by developers. Tools Used: Tools like JUnit or pytest can be used for module testing. What is Integration Testing? (Easy Explanation) Integration Testing happens after module testing. It checks how different modules work together. Even if modules work fine alone, they might have problems when combined. Key Points About Integration Testing: What Happens? Combine two or more modules and see if they work together. Example: Combine the login feature with the dashboard module to check if a user logs in and sees the right dashboard. Goal of Integration Testing: Find and fix problems when modules interact. Example: The login module might send incorrect user information to the dashboard. Who Performs It? Usually done by testers. Types of Integration Testing: Top-Down Testing: Start testing from the top-level module (like the main menu) and move down. Bottom-Up Testing: Start with lower-level modules and work up. Difference Between Module and Integration Testing: Module Testing Integration Testing Tests one module alone. Tests how modules work together. Done after writing a module. Done after combining modules. Example: Testing the login system. Example: Checking login + dashboard connection.
9. What is coupling ? How is it different from cohesion ?
Ans :- What is Coupling? (Easy Explanation) Coupling is about how much one part of a program depends on another part. If two parts are closely connected and need each other a lot, we say they have high coupling. If they can work mostly on their own with little connection, they have low coupling. Key Points About Coupling: High Coupling: Two parts are heavily dependent. Changes in one part will affect the other. Example: A billing system that completely stops working if the payment gateway fails. Low Coupling: Two parts are mostly independent. Changes in one part won’t affect the other much. Example: A login system and a feedback form that work independently. Why Low Coupling is Better? Makes the program easier to modify and maintain. Reduces errors when one part changes. What is Cohesion? (Easy Explanation) Cohesion is about how well the parts of a single module or function work together to do one job. If everything inside a module focuses on the same goal, it has high cohesion. If a module tries to do too many unrelated things, it has low cohesion. Key Points About Cohesion: High Cohesion: A module focuses on one task only. Example: A "login module" handles user authentication but doesn’t manage user profiles. Low Cohesion: A module tries to do many unrelated tasks. Example: A "user module" handles login, profile updates, and email notifications all at once. Why High Cohesion is Better? Makes the module easier to understand, test, and fix. Encourages clean and organized code.
10. Explain various SEI CMM levels.
Ans :- What are SEI CMM Levels? (Easy Explanation) The SEI CMM (Capability Maturity Model) is like a roadmap for software development companies to improve how they work. It divides a company's software processes into 5 levels of maturity, from basic and unorganized to advanced and well-structured. Each level shows how good a company is at managing and improving its software projects. The 5 SEI CMM Levels: Level 1: Initial (Basic and Unpredictable) What It Means: The company has no proper process. Everything depends on individual effort and is chaotic. Success depends on talented people, not systems. Example: Deadlines are missed, and mistakes happen often because there’s no fixed way of working. Level 2: Repeatable (Basic Process in Place) What It Means: The company has some basic processes to manage projects, like tracking deadlines and budgets. These processes can be repeated for similar projects. Example: A company keeps records of past projects and uses them to plan new ones. Level 3: Defined (Well-Organized Process) What It Means: The company has detailed and clear processes for every project. Everyone follows the same rules, and processes are documented. Example: A company has written guidelines for coding, testing, and documentation. Level 4: Managed (Measured and Controlled) What It Means: The company tracks and measures the quality of its software and processes. Problems are detected early and fixed quickly. Example: Using data to see how fast bugs are fixed or how well the team meets deadlines. Level 5: Optimizing (Continuous Improvement) What It Means: The company focuses on continuously improving its processes using feedback and new ideas. Example: Regular team meetings to discuss lessons learned and applying innovative techniques to improve future projects. In Simple Terms: Level 1: No proper process; everything is unorganized. Level 2: Basic processes are in place and repeatable. Level 3: Processes are clearly defined and consistent. Level 4: Everything is measured and managed effectively. Level 5: Continuous improvement is the goal.
11. Draw a PERT chart for the development of an OASS
Ans :- What is a PERT Chart? (Easy Explanation) A PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) chart is a type of diagram used to plan and organize tasks in a project. It shows the sequence of tasks, how they depend on each other, and how long they might take. For the Online Assignment Submission System (OASS) development, we can divide the work into steps like gathering requirements, designing, coding, testing, and deploying. Steps for the PERT Chart of OASS Development: Gather Requirements: Find out what features the system needs. Example: Students must upload assignments, and professors should grade them. System Design: Create diagrams and layouts for how the system will work. Database Setup: Create the database for storing student, assignment, and course information. Coding: Write the code for different modules like login, assignment submission, and grading. Testing: Check if the system works properly and fix any errors. Deployment: Launch the system for students and professors to use. PERT Chart Example (Explanation in Simple Terms): Here’s how tasks might flow: Task A: Gather Requirements (3 days) ↓ Task B: System Design (5 days) ↓ Task C1: Database Setup (4 days) Task C2: Coding (10 days) (C1 and C2 can happen at the same time.) ↓ Task D: Testing (5 days) ↓ Task E: Deployment (2 days) Diagram Description: The PERT chart is drawn as a flow of circles (tasks) connected by arrows (dependencies). Each circle contains: Task name: E.g., "A" or "Gather Requirements." Time estimate: E.g., "3 days."
12. What is function oriented design of software system ? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.
Ans :- What is Function-Oriented Design of a Software System? (Easy Explanation) Function-Oriented Design focuses on the functions or tasks that the software needs to perform. It divides the system into smaller parts called functions or modules, where each function performs a specific task. Think of it like a recipe, where each step (function) contributes to the final dish (software). For example, in an Online Assignment Submission System (OASS), there might be separate functions for: Logging in. Uploading assignments. Grading assignments. These functions are connected and work together to complete the software. How Function-Oriented Design Works: Start with the main task the software needs to do. Example: "Manage assignment submissions." Break it down into smaller tasks (functions). Example: "Upload assignments," "Review submissions," and "Generate reports." Each function is designed to work independently and solve a part of the bigger problem. Advantages of Function-Oriented Design: Clear Focus on Tasks: Makes it easy to understand what the software does. Example: The "upload function" is clearly responsible for accepting files from students. Reusable Functions: Functions can be reused in other parts of the system or in different projects. Example: A "login function" can be reused in other university systems. Easy to Debug and Test: Each function can be tested and fixed separately. Good for Small and Medium Projects: Works well when the project has a clear list of tasks. Disadvantages of Function-Oriented Design: Hard to Manage for Big Systems: If the system is too large, functions may become complex and hard to organize. Low Flexibility: Changes in one function might require changes in others. Example: If you change the "upload function," you may also need to update the "grading function." Less Focus on Data: It focuses more on tasks than how data is managed, which can cause issues when handling large data sets. Not Suitable for Modern Needs: Modern software often requires a more data-focused approach, like Object-Oriented Design.
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